科目:JL
学生姓名:Leonix
教师姓名:Sami Haroon
课程:John Locke
Course Content: Lesson 3, We first evaluated last session’s reading on the sub-categories within ethics: metaethics, normative ethics and practical ethics. We then applied our knowledge to a classic ethical dilemma (the trolley problem).
We then moved to the new content for the session. Namely, we explored the subdivisions within metaethics in more depth: realism, antirealism and non-cognitivism. We defined each metaethical theory, distinguished them from each other, and applied them to the essay question.
内容：第3课，本节课首先评估了上节课关于伦理学分支的阅读内容：元伦理学、规范伦理学和应用伦理学。随后我们将所学知识运用到一个经典伦理困境（电车难题）中。
接着进入本节课新内容，深入探讨元伦理学的细分流派：实在论、反实在论与非认知主义。我们对每种元伦理学理论进行了定义、区分，并将其运用到议论文题目中。
Evaluation: Leonix was engaged, attentive and responsive. He completed the reading homework very well and established a strong understanding of the conceptual material which he was able to apply to the lesson. He engaged well with the discussion, questions and the new material covered, leaving with a clear understanding of the new concepts and theories.
评价：Leonix 课堂参与积极、专注、反应迅速。阅读作业完成得非常好，对概念性内容理解扎实，并能在课上灵活运用。他积极参与讨论、回答问题、学习新知，对新概念和新理论有清晰的理解。
Homework: In addition to the reading on the subdivisions within metaethics, Leonix has been encouraged to make consistent notes (in written form) on the new content covered after each session. This will help when Leonix comes to drafting and planning the essay in a couple of weeks.
Leonix’s reading and homework for this week.Leonix has been asked to write short notes after each session. This week, he should write a short paragraph on ‘what is ethics’ (following the first session), and he should write a full paragraph on the difference between metaethics, normative ethics and practical ethics and the definition of each.
For the reading:
– Realism:
1) https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-realism/
2) https://iep.utm.edu/moralrea/
3) https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/moral-realism/v-1# [all parts (tabs on the left)]
Anti-realism and non-cogntivism:
1) https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-anti-realism/#Nonc
2) https://www.perlego.com/knowledge/study-guides/what-is-moral-anti-realism
3) https://philarchive.org/archive/SINMRA-9
4) https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-cognitivism/ [This is very long, just reading the introduction and conclusion will suffice, and section 2.1 on emotivism]
5) https://iep.utm.edu/non-cogn/
6) https://philpapers.org/archive/PLZAEA.pdf [only pg 1-5, and conclusion]
7) https://1000wordphilosophy.com/2026/04/10/ethical-non-cognitivism/
作业：除了阅读元伦理学分支的相关内容，建议 Leonix 每节课后坚持书面整理笔记，这有助于几周后撰写和构思议论文。
Leonix 本周的阅读和作业。要求Leonix 在每次课程后写简短笔记。本周，他需要在第一节课后写一小段关于“什么是伦理学（ethics）”的内容；此外，他还需要写一整段，说明元伦理学（metaethics）、规范伦理学（normative ethics）和实践伦理学（practical ethics）之间的区别，并分别给出它们的定义。
阅读材料：
1) https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-realism/
2) https://iep.utm.edu/moralrea/
3) https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/moral-realism/v-1# 【阅读全部部分（左侧标签页中的所有内容）】
反实在论（Anti-realism）与非认知主义（Non-cognitivism）：
1) https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-anti-realism/#Nonc
2) https://www.perlego.com/knowledge/study-guides/what-is-moral-anti-realism
3) https://philarchive.org/archive/SINMRA-9
4) https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-cognitivism/ 这篇很长，只需阅读引言（introduction）、结论（conclusion）以及第 2.1 节关于情感主义（emotivism）的内容即可】
5) https://iep.utm.edu/non-cogn/
6) https://philpapers.org/archive/PLZAEA.pdf 【只需阅读第 1–5 页以及结论】
7) https://1000wordphilosophy.com/2026/04/10/ethical-non-cognitivism/
Plan: We will continue looking into more depth within the sub-fields of ethics, continuing next session to the different divisions in normative ethics (consequentialism, deontology and virtue ethics) and the different theories and forms of each.
计划：继续深入学习伦理学各分支，下节课讲解规范伦理学的不同流派：后果主义、义务论与德性伦理学，以及各流派的理论与形式。